Nanopower Analog Frontends for Cyber-Physical Systems
PhD Defense: Kenji Aono
Sensing events of interest over long periods
Recording rare, sparse events
Filter & Data-logging
Wiring is impractical, battery needs to match lifespan
100 mAh battery for 20 years
\[\frac{100 \,\mathrm{mAh}}{175,\!440\,\mathrm{h}} \approx 570\,\mathrm{nA}\]
Nanopower
First to exploit jump resonance in analog filters to improve acoustic recognition
Investigate a unified filtering and measurement device using analog construct
Demonstrate quasi-self-powered platform for long-term deployment
\[I_\mathrm{Out} = (V_\mathrm{+} - V_\mathrm{-})\,g_\mathrm{m},\quad g_\mathrm{m}\propto I_\mathrm{Bias}\]
\[V_\mathrm{Bp} = \dfrac{s\left(\frac{g_\mathrm{m1}C_\mathrm{2}}{g_\mathrm{m2}\,g_\mathrm{m3}}\right)}{s^2\left(\frac{C_\mathrm{1}\,C_\mathrm{2}}{g_\mathrm{m2}\,g_\mathrm{m3}}\right)+s\left(\frac{C_\mathrm{2}}{g_\mathrm{m3}}\right)+1}\]
\[Q = \sqrt{\frac{g_{m2}}{g_{m3}}}\]
\[\omega_0 = \frac{\sqrt{g_{m2} \times g_{m3}}}{C}\]
\[G = \frac{g_{m1}}{g_{m3}}\]
Ideal
Saturated
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Technology | 0.5 µm CMOS |
Supply Voltage | 3.3 V |
Fitler Frequency | 100 Hz — 4 kHz |
Transconductance | 800 pS — 32 nS |
Capacitance | 1.28 pF |
Input Voltage | 100 mV |
Power Dissipation | 3 nW — 30 nW |
Software | Linear | Jump | Software | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EER | PD | EER | PD | EER | PD | EER | PD |
2.01 | 98.75 | 2.01 | 95.63 | 0.66 | 100 | 0.76 | 99.38 |
Testing on 10 speakers from YOHO, using SVM
First to exploit jump resonance in analog filters to improve acoustic recognition
Investigate a unified filtering and measurement device using analog construct
Demonstrate quasi-self-powered platform for long-term deployment
\[I_\mathrm{inj} = \alpha I_\mathrm{S}\exp\left(\frac{\lambda V_\mathrm{sd}}{V_\mathrm{inj}}\right)\exp\left[\frac{-\beta}{\left(V_\mathrm{gd} + \delta\right)^2}\right]\]
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Technology | 0.5 µm CMOS |
Supply Voltage | 1.8 V |
FG Capacitance | 100 fF |
Power (Initialize) | 500 nW |
Power (Biasing) | 250 nW |
Minimum Energy | 100 nJ |
Maximum Precision | 13.4 bits |
Biquad Filter
Linear Injector
Combined
\[V_\mathrm{out} = \dfrac{V_\mathrm{Ref}}{\frac{s}{g_\mathrm{m2}}\left(C_\mathrm{in}+C_\mathrm{FG}\right)+ H(s)}\]
\[\!\!\!\!+ \dfrac{sC_\mathrm{in}V_\mathrm{in}/\!g_\mathrm{m2}}{\frac{s}{g_\mathrm{m2}}\left(C_\mathrm{in}+C_\mathrm{FG}\right) + H(s)}\]
\[H(s) = \dfrac{g_\mathrm{m3}}{sC_\mathrm{H}+g_\mathrm{m3}}\]
First to exploit jump resonance in analog filters to improve acoustic recognition
Investigate a unified filtering and measurement device using analog construct
Demonstrate quasi-self-powered platform for long-term deployment
Need to enable communication greater than 100 m
Battery is required, but must be periodic
\[\mathrm{Request} = \frac{I_\mathrm{on}t_\mathrm{on}+I_\mathrm{search}t_\mathrm{search}+I_\mathrm{off}t_\mathrm{off}}{t_\mathrm{on}+t_\mathrm{search}+t_\mathrm{off}}\]
\[ \qquad= \frac{2.5\,\mathrm{m}\cdot 13.5 + 225\,\mathrm{µ}\cdot 6 + 50\,\mathrm{n}\cdot 300}{13.5+6+300} < 110 \,\mathrm{µ A}\]
\[\mathrm{No\: request} = \frac{I_\mathrm{search}t_\mathrm{search}+I_\mathrm{off}t_\mathrm{off}}{t_\mathrm{search}+t_\mathrm{off}} < 5 \,\mathrm{µ A}\]
\[1.2\,\mathrm{Ah} / \left(0.99\!\cdot\!5\,\mathrm{µ} + 0.01\!\cdot\!110\,\mathrm{µ}\right)\!\!\mathrm{A}\!\cdot\!\left(\!\frac{1\,\mathrm{yr}}{8766\,\mathrm{h}}\!\right) \approx 23.5\,\mathrm{years}\]
Using long-range sub-GHz wireless module from TI
a) Nanopower Timer, b) Interface to PFG, c) Battery Management, d) RF MCU, e) Antenna, f) PFG Module1
Sensors installed on steel beam
Under the Mackinac Bridge. The bridge sways as much as 35 ft and is 155 ft from the water.
Accelerated taxiway testing in a hangar with model aircraft wheels
Delamination/cracking from side
Sensors mounted on blade
Linear data-logging of strain
Distributions show shift as damage is induced
Piezoelectric cantilevers on deck
Full-scale Northridge Earthquake
PDF of collected data
Peaks of distribution exhibit a pattern
PFG in mouthguard
Additive printing circuit connections
Different form factors
Front of nickel-size interface
Back of nickel-size interface
Evolution of the quasi-self-powered sensor concept — hybrid RF uses energy scavenging to trigger a battery-powered transmission
Testing with truck reader
First to exploit jump resonance in analog filters to improve acoustic recognition
Investigate a unified filtering and measurement device using analog construct
Demonstrate quasi-self-powered platform for long-term deployment
[0.1] Aono, Chowdhury, Chakrabartty, Ross. "Speaker Identification in Degraded Audio Samples with MFCC and SPARK Feature Fusion," (in preparation).
[0.2] Hasni*, Aono*, Pochettino, Lajnef, Chakrabartty. "A Robust Fatigue Crack Detection in Wind Turbine Blade: Battery-Free Sensing Approach," (in preparation).
[0.3] Aono, Mehta, Chakrabartty. "Unified Filtering and Data-Logging Device," IEEE TCAS-I, (in preparation).
[0.4] Hasni*, Aono*, Pochettino, Lajnef, Chakrabartty. "Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring of Steel Bridges Using Quasi-self-powered Sensors: The Mackinac Bridge Case Study," Structural Health Monitoring, (in preparation).
[0.5] Alazzawi, Aono, Scheller, Chakrabartty. "Exploiting Self-capacitances for Wireless Power Transfer," IEEE TBioCAS, (submitted).
[0.6] Zhou, Kondapalli, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Dynamic Signatures for Authenticating IoT Devices Using Self-powered FN Tunneling Timers," IEEE IoT, (submitted).
[0.7] Aono, Pochettino, Hasni, Lajnef, Chakrabartty. "Quasi-self-powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensing Technology for Continuous Monitoring of Large-Scale Bridge," Frontiers Built-Environment, (submitted).
[0.8] Alavi, Hasni, Jiao, Aono, Lajnef, Chakrabartty. "Advances in Battery-free, Wireless Civil Infrastructure Health Monitoring Integrated with Machine Learning," Transportation Research Board, 2019 (submitted).
[1] Zhou*, Aono*, Chakrabartty. "A CMOS Timer-Injector Integrated Circuit for Self-Powered Sensing of Time-of-Occurrence," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2018.
[2] Gangopadhyay, Aono, Mehta, Chakrabartty. "A Coupled Network of Growth Transform Neurons for Spike-Encoded Auditory Feature Extraction," bioRxiv, 2018.
[3] Hasni, Alavi, Jiao, Lajnef, Chatti, Aono, Chakrabartty. "A New Approach for Damage Detection in Asphalt Concrete Pavements Using Battery-free Wireless Sensors with Non-Constant Injection Rates," Measurement, 2017.
[4] Borchani*, Aono*, Chakrabartty. "Monitoring of Postoperative Bone Healing Using Smart Trauma-Fixation Device with Integrated Self-powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensors," IEEE TBME, 2016.
[5] Feng*, Aono*, Covassin, Chakrabartty. "Self-powered Monitoring of Repeated Head Impacts Using Time-Dilation Energy Measurement Circuit," IEEE TBioCAS, 2015.
[6] Aono, Shaga, Chakrabartty. "Exploiting Jump-Resonance Hysteresis in Silicon Auditory Front-ends for Extracting Speaker Discriminative Formant Trajectories," IEEE TBioCAS, 2013.
[7] Chakrabartty, Feng, Aono. "Noise-shaping Gradient Descent-based Online Adaptation Algorithms for Digital Calibration of Analog Circuits," IEEE TNNLS, 2013.
[0.9] Fazel, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Evaluation of SPARK Speech Features for Noise-Robust Speaker Verification," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2012.
[0.1] Aono, Mehta, Chakrabartty. "On The Filtering Behavior Observed in Limit-Driven Linear Feedback Injectors," ACM GLSVLSI, 2019 (in preparation).
[0.2] Hasni, Aono, Lajnef, Chakrabartty. "Continuous Crack Monitoring on Wind Turbine Blades," SPIE, 2019 (in preparation).
[0.3] Pochettino, Aono, Hasni, Lajnef, Chakrabartty. "Infrastructural Internet-of-things using Quasi-self-powered Structural Health Monitoring Sensors," SHMII-9, 2019 (submitted).
[0.4] Kondapalli, Pochettino, Aono, Hasni, Lajnef, Chakrabartty. "Embedded H-gage with Self and Quasi-self-powered Sensors for Pavement Monitoring," SHMII-9, 2019 (submitted).
[0.5] Kondapalli, Zhou, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Self-Powered CMOS Time-Synchronized Temperature Monitoring," IEEE ISCAS, 2019 (submitted).
[0.6] Pochettino, Kondapalli, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Enabling Long-Term Infrastructure to Vehicular Communication with Hybrid Powered Systems," IEEE ISCAS, 2019 (submitted).
[1] Hasni, Lajnef, Alavi, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Local-global Damage Identification Approach Using Hybrid Network of Self-powered Sensors," 7WCSCM, 2018.
[2] Hasni, Lajnef, Chatti, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Intelligent Pavement Condition Assessment Using Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensors," 7WCSCM, 2018.
[3] Hasni, Aono, Lajnef, Chakrabartty, Faridazar. "Toward Autonomous Self-Powered Self-Sensing Civil Infrastructure," NDE/NDT for SMT, 2018.
[4] Hasni, Chatti, Lajnef, Chakrabartty, Aono. "Damage Progression Identification in Asphalt Concrete Pavements: A Smart Self-powered Sensing Approach," Advances in Materials and Pavement Prediction, Papers from AM3P, 2018.
[5] Aono, Hasni, Pochettino, Lajnef, Chakrabartty. "Quasi-self-powered Infrastructural Internet of Things: The Mackinac Bridge Case Study," ACM GLSVLSI, 2018.
[6] Kondapalli, Pochettino, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Hybrid-Powered Internet-of-Things for Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Communication," IEEE MWSCAS, 2018.
[7] Zhou, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Gaussian Process Regression for Improving the Performance of Self-powered Time-of-Occurrence Sensors," IEEE MWSCAS, 2018.
[8] Mehta, Zhou, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Self-powered Sensing and Time-Stamping of Tampering Events," IEEE MWSCAS, 2018.
[9] Zhou, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Tamper Sensitive Authentication of Passive IoT Devices Using Self-powered CMOS Timers," SRC TECHCON, 2018.
[10] Aono, Kondapalli, Lajnef, Pekcan, Faridazar, Chakrabartty. "Self-powered Sensors to Facilitate Infrastructural Internet-of-Things for Smart Structures," ANCRiSST, 2017.
[11] Aono, Chakrabartty, Yamasaki. "Infrasonic Scene Fingerprinting for Authenticating Speaker Location," IEEE ICASSP, 2017.
[12] Aono, Lajnef, Faridazar, Chakrabartty. "Infrastructural Health Monitoring Using Self-powered Internet-of-Things," IEEE ISCAS 2016.
[13] Takeshita, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Low-Power Microcontrollers for RFID Tags," REU16, 2016.
[14] Aono. "EMG-Based Speech Filtering & Classifier," Michigan Space Grant Consortium, 2015.
[15] Aono. "Speaker Identification," Yamanaka Seminar, 2014.
[16] Aono. "Acoustic Filtering for Signature Generation Applied to Geolocation," JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship for Foreign Researchers Report, 2014.
[17] Aono. "Extracting Speaker Features from Sub-Vocal Speech Using Jump Resonance Filtering," Michigan Space Grant Consortium, 2014.
[18] Aono, Covassin, Chakrabartty. "Monitoring of Repeated Head Impacts Using Time-dilation Based Self-powerd Sensing," IEEE ISCAS, 2014.
[19] Chakrabartty, Feng, Aono. "Gen-2 RFID Compatible, Zero Down-Time, Programmable Mechanical Strain-monitors and Mechanical Impact Detectors," SPIE, 2013.
[20] Aono. "Jump Resonance Filtering for Biometrics via Electromyography in Sub-Vocal Speech," Michigan Space Grant Consortium Conference, 2013.
[21] Feng, Aono, Chakrabartty. "Gen-2 RFID Compatible Energy Harvesting Sensor For Structural Health Monitoring Applications," Michigan State University Engineering Graduate Research Symposium, 2012.
[22] Aono, Shaga, Chakrabartty. "Exploiting Jump-Resonance Hysteresis in Silicon Cochlea for Formant Trajectory Encoding," IEEE MWSCAS, 2012.
[23] Aono. "Application Note: PCB Design with EAGLE," MSU Technical Report, 2011.
National Science Foundation GRFP/GROW (DGE-0802267 & DGE-1143954)
University of Tokyo & Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (GR14001)
Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC)
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS)
Michigan State University
Washington University in St. Louis
Adaptive Integrated Microsystems Laboratory